Türkçe Bilgi: Tvalar

Tvalar (Batwa) olarakta bilinir, Orta Afrika'nın Göller Bölgesi'nin en eski yerleşimcisi olan pigme insanlar yaşarlar. Güncel nüfusu Ruanda, Burundi, Uganda ve Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti'nin doğu kısmında yaşar. 2000 yılında, yaklaşık olarak 80,000 kişi olarak sayıldılar ve bu ülkelerde önemli bir azınlık olarak sayıldılar. Ayrıca Angola'nın güneyi, Namibya, Zambiya ve Botsvana'daki bataklık, çöl ve ormanların uzağında yaşamaktadırlar. Tarih Hutular, Banduca konuşan halk, bölgeye geldi ve Twalara boyun eğdirdiler. XV.yy'ın başlarında, Tutsiler(Banduca konuşan insanlar)buraya geldi ve Twa ve Hutuları domine ettiler. Twalar Kiryanwandalar, Hutular ve Tutsilerle aynı dili konuşurlar. Birkaç yüzyıl boyunca, Twalar, Ruanda ve Burundi de çok küçük bir azınlıktılar(yaklaşık olarak %1) ve çok küçük bir politik rolleri vardı. The Twa are often ignored in discussions about the conflict between the Hutus and Tutsis, which reached its height in the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Mevcut Durum Traditionally, the Twa have been a semi-nomadic "hunter-gatherer" people group of the mountain forests. Due to clearing of the forests for agriculture, logging, development projects, or creation of conservation areas, the Twa have been forced to leave these areas and establish new homes. As they seek to develop new means of sustaining their communities (such as agriculture and livestock development) most are currently landless and live in poverty. The ancestral land rights of the Twa have never been recognized by their governments and no compensation has been made for lands lost. Twa children have little access to education and their communities have limited representation in local and national government. Due to their pygmy ancestry, they continue to suffer ethnic prejudice, discrimination, violence, and general exclusion from society. Batwa men struggle with alcoholism, known to occur in communities facing cultural collapse as men can no longer carry out traditional roles and provide for families. By 2007, begging was the primary source of livelihood for 40% of the Batwa in Rwanda. While the Batwa adapted to the changes in their environment by adopting new economic activities and thus traditions and identities, they continue to face challenges to their survival. Today, much of the available land, apart from areas reserved for wildlife conservation and environmental protection, is under cultivation. Unable to access their ancestral lands and practice traditional cultural and economic activities, the Batwa now perceive their pottery as an expression of their present day identity; however, since cheap industrialized products are now readily available, pottery has become a “lossmaking” activity. Despite this, the Batwa cling to the activity for its cultural and social significance. Not only do they consider it an ancestral tradition, but also it carries a social importance in their current day society. The process of digging the clay and carrying it to their settlements allows for socialization and a sense of community amongst Batwa potters. However, in Rwanda the shared access marshes where Batwa harvest clay under an informal communal tenure system are fast becoming collectivized rice growing plantations due to a 2005 land policy change. They face another crisis as they lose another occupation that defines Batwa identity and provides social livelihood. == Ek Olarak Twa Araştırma Grupları * Act & Empower - Washington, D.C., Uganda * Forest Peoples Programme - Moreton-in-Marsh, İngiltere * CAURWA (Communauté des Autochtones Rwandais) - Kigali, Ruanda * African International Christian Ministry - Kabale, Uganda * Dr. Scott and Carol Kellermann - Kanungu, Uganda * Geoffrey S. Proud * Pygmy Survival Alliance - Seattle, Washington * CARE International in Uganda ASeTTS (Association for Services to Torture and Trauma Survivors) Batı Avusturalya == Twa Dağılımı == * Volcano Ulusal Parkı, Ruanda (iskan, 1970 - 1980 arası) * Nyungwe Ormanı, Ruanda (iskan, 1970- 1980 arası) * Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda (tahliye 1991) * Mgahinga Ulusal Parkı, Uganda (tahliye 1991) * Kahuzi-Biega Ulusal Parkı, Kongo (tahliye) * Virunga Ulusal Parkı, Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti (tahliye) * Gishwati Ormanı, Ruanda (orman ağaçlandırma ve süt üretimi için tahliye)[1] * Mfangano Adası, Kenya (sadece tarih öncesi) == Ayrıca Diğer Pigme Grupları * Mbuti (Bambuti) * Baka * Aka

Pigme Kültür ve Müziğiyle İlgilenen Araştırmacılar

* Colin Turnbull * Simha Arom * Mauro Campagnoli * Jean-Pierre Hallet

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Tvalar

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